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Germans
Background information
Total population
Regions with significant populations
'
Flag of Germany Germany 72,650,269[lower-alpha 1]
Flag of the United States United States 534,000[lower-alpha 2]

c. Script error: No such module "Math".[3]

Flag of Switzerland Switzerland 357,000[lower-alpha 3]
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom 310,000[lower-alpha 4]
Flag of Austria Austria 233,000[lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Italy Italy 211,000[lower-alpha 6]
Flag of France France 203,000[lower-alpha 7]
Flag of Spain Spain 201,000[lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Canada Canada 157,000[lower-alpha 9]

c. 3,322,405[4]

Flag of Russia Russia 142,000[lower-alpha 10]

c. 840,000[5]

Flag of Australia Australia 125,000[lower-alpha 11]

982,226[6]

Flag of Poland Poland 101,000[lower-alpha 12]

148,000 (of whom 45,000 declared solely German ethnicity)[7]

Flag of Hungary Hungary 36,000[lower-alpha 13]

c. 250,000[5]

Flag of New Zealand New Zealand 25,000[lower-alpha 14]


c. 200,000[lower-alpha 15]

Flag of Brazil Brazil 21,000[lower-alpha 16]

c. 3,000,000[9]

Flag of South Africa South Africa 17,000[lower-alpha 17]


c. 75,000[9]

Flag of Argentina Argentina 9,000[lower-alpha 18]

c. 500,000[9]

Flag of Mexico Mexico 7,000[lower-alpha 19]


c. 90,000[lower-alpha 20]

Flag of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan c. 900,000[5]
Flag of Slovakia Slovakia 8,537[11][12]
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups

Germans (German: Deutsche, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃə] (About this sound listen)) are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, and sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language.[13][14] The constitution of Germany defines a German as a German citizen.[15] During the 19th and much of the 20th century, discussions on German identity were dominated by concepts of a common language, culture, descent and history.[16] Today, the German language is widely seen as the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity.[17] Estimates on the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 to 150 million, and most of them live in Germany.[18]

The history of Germans as an ethnic group began with the separation of a distinct Kingdom of Germany from the eastern part of the Frankish Empire under the Ottonian dynasty in the 10th century, forming the core of the Holy Roman Empire. In subsequent centuries the political power and population of this empire grew considerably. It expanded eastwards, and eventually a substantial number of Germans migrated further eastwards into Eastern Europe. The empire itself was politically divided between many small princedoms, cities and bishoprics. Following the Reformation in the 16th century, many of these states found themselves in bitter conflict concerning the rise of protestantism. The 19th century saw the dismemberment of the Holy Roman Empire and the growth of German nationalism. The kingdom of Prussia incorporated most of the Germans into its German Empire in 1871, while a substantial number of Germans also inhabited the multiethnic kingdom of Austria-Hungary. During this time a large number of Germans emigrated to the New World, particularly to the United States, Canada and Brazil, as well as establishing prominent communities in New Zealand and Australia. The Russian Empire also contained a substantial German population.

In the aftermath of World War I, Austria-Hungary and the German Empire were partitioned, resulting in many Germans becoming ethnic minorities in newly established countries. In the chaotic years that followed, Adolf Hitler became the dictator of Nazi Germany and embarked on a genocidal campaign to unify all Germans under his leadership. This endeavour resulted in World War II and the Holocaust. In the aftermath of Germany's defeat in the war, the country was occupied and partitioned. Millions of Germans were expelled from Eastern Europe. In 1990, the states of West and East Germany were reunified. In modern times, remembrance of the Holocaust has become an integral part of German identity (Erinnerungskultur).

Owing to their long history of political fragmentation, the Germans are culturally diverse and often have strong regional identities. The arts and sciences are an integral part of German culture, and the Germans have produced a large number of prominent personalities in a number of disciplines.

Names[]

The German endonym Deutsche is derived from the High German term diutisc, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". This name was used for Germanic peoples in Central Europe since the 8th century, during which a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge among them.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

The English term Germans is derived from the ethnonym Germani, which was used for Germanic peoples in ancient times.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".[19] Since the early modern period, it has been the most common name for the Germans in English. The term "Germans" may also be applied to any citizen, native or inhabitant of Germany, a person of German descent,[14][13] or member of the Germanic peoples,[13][20][21][22][23] regardless of whether they are of German ethnicity.

History[]

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Ancient history[]

Germanic culture originated in parts of what is now Northern Germany and south Scandinavia, and has been associated with the Nordic Bronze Age and the Jastorf culture, which flourished in Northern Germany and Scandinavia during the Bronze Age and early Iron Age.[24]Template:Failed verification The Germanic peoples have inhabited Central Europe since at least the Iron Age.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

From their northern homeland, the Germanic peoples expanded southwards in a series of great migrations.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". Much of Central Europe was at that time inhabited by Celts, who are associated with the La Tène culture.[24] Since at least the 2nd century BC the Germanic peoples began displacing Celts.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". It is likely that many of these Celts were Germanized by migrating Germanic peoples.[24]

Europe and the Near East at 476 AD

Barbarian kingdoms in Europe and Africa c. 476 AD

The first information about the Germanic peoples is provided by the Roman general Julius Caesar, who campaigned in Germania in the 1st century BC. Under Caesar's successor Augustus, the Romans sought to conquer the Germanic peoples and colonize Germania, but these efforts were significantly hampered by the victory of Arminius at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, which is considered a defining moment in German history.[24] The early Germanic peoples are famously described in Germania by the 1st century Roman historian Tacitus. At this time, the Germanic peoples were fragmented into a large number of tribes who were frequently in conflict with both the Roman Empire and one another.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". They are believed to have dominated an area stretching from the Rhine in the west to the Vistula in the east, and the Danube in the south to Scandinavia in the north. By the 3rd century, Germanic peoples were beginning to form into great coalitions, and had begun conquering and settling areas within the Roman Empire. During the 4th and 5th centuries, in what is known as the Migration Period, Germanic peoples seized control of the decaying Roman Empire and established new kingdoms within it. Meanwhile, formerly Germanic areas in parts of Eastern Europe were settled by Slavs.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Medieval history[]

HRR 10Jh

Extent of Holy Roman Empire in 972 (red line) and 1035 (red dots) with Kingdom of Germany marked in blue

The German ethnicity emerged among Germanic peoples of Western and Central Europe, particularly the Franks, Frisians, Saxons, Thuringii, Alemanni and Baiuvarii.[24] The beginnings of the German states can be traced back to the Frankish king Clovis I, who established the kingdom of Francia in the 5th century. In subsequent centuries the power of the Franks grew considerably.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". By the 8th century AD, the West Germanic speaking populations of continental Europe were known as diutisc, meaning "ethnic" or "relating to the people". The endonym of the Germans is derived from this word.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

By the early 9th century AD, large parts of Europe had been united under the rule of the Frankish leader Charlemagne, who expanded the Frankish empire in several directions including east of the Rhine, where he conquered Saxons and Frisians, thus establishing the Carolingian Empire. Charlemagne was crowned emperor by Pope Leo I in 800.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". During the rule of Charlemagne's successors, this realm descended into civil war. The empire was partitioned at the Treaty of Verdun (843), resulting in the eventual separation between the states of West Francia, Middle Francia and East Francia. Beginning with Henry the Fowler, Saxon dynasties dominated the German lands, and under his son Otto I, Middle Francia and East Francia, which were mostly German, became part of the Kingdom of Germany, which constituted the core of the Holy Roman Empire.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". Leaders of the "Stem duchies" which constituted it — Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, and Saxony continued to wield considerable power independent of the king.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". German kings were elected by members of the noble families, who often sought to have weak kings elected in order to preserve their own independence. This prevented an early unification of the Germans.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

A warrior nobility dominated the feudal German society of the Middle Ages, while most of the German population consisted of peasants with few political rights.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". The church played an important role among Germans in the Middle Ages, and competed with the nobility for power.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". Between the 11th and 13th centuries, Germans actively participated in five Crusades to "liberate" the Holy Land.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

During the Middle Ages, German political power was imposed on Polabian Slavs in the east. This process was accompanied by the migration of Germans into conquered territories, in what is known as the Ostsiedlung. Over time, some Slavic populations were assimilated by Germans, resulting in many Germans acquiring substantial Slavic ancestry.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". From the 11th century, the German lands came under the domination of the Swabian Hohenstaufen family. The German population expanded significantly during this time.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". Trade increased and there was a specialization of the arts and crafts.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". From the 12th century, many Germans settled as merchants and craftsmen in the Kingdom of Poland, were they came to constitute a significant proportion of the population in many urban centers such as Gdańsk.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Holy Roman Empire 1648

The Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648

The late 13th century saw the election of Rudolf I of the House of Habsburg to the German throne, and the Habsburg family would continue to play an important role in German history for centuries afterwards. They competed for power in the German lands with several noble families, most notably the Limburg-Luxemburg dynasty and the House of Wittelsbach. During the 13th century, the Teutonic Knights began conquering the Old Prussians, and established what would eventually become the powerful German state of Prussia.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

The German territories continued to grow in the late Middle Ages. Great urban centers increased in size and wealth and formed powerful leagues, such as the Hanseatic League and the Swabian League, in order to protect their interests, often through supporting the German kings in their struggles with the nobility.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". These urban leagues significantly contributed to the development of German commerce and banking. German merchants of Hanseatic cities settled in cities throughout Northern Europe beyond the German lands.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Modern history[]

Map-GermanConfederation

Boundaries of the German Confederation in red, Prussia in blue, Austria in yellow, and other member states in grey. Note that large parts of Austria and some parts of Prussia did not belong to the Confederation.

The introduction of printing by the German inventor Johannes Gutenberg contributed to the formation of a new understanding of faith and reason. At this time, the German monk Martin Luther pushed for reforms within the Catholic Church. Luther's efforts culminated in the Protestant Reformation.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". The resulting religious schism was a leading cause of the Thirty Years' War, a conflict that tore apart the Holy Roman Empire and led to the death of millions of Germans. The terms of the Peace of Westphalia (1648) ending the war, included a major reduction in the central authority of the Holy Roman Emperor.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". Among the most powerful German states to emerge in the aftermath was Protestant Prussia, under the rule of the House of Hohenzollern.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

In the 18th century, German culture was significantly influenced by the Enlightenment.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of German unity began to emerge in the 18th century.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". The Holy Roman Empire continued to decline until being dissolved altogether by Napoleon in 1806. In central Europe, the Napoleonic wars ushered in great social, political and economic changes, and catalyzed a national awakening among the Germans. By the late 18th century, German intellectuals such as Johann Gottfried Herder articulated the concept of a German identity rooted in language, and this notion helped spark the German nationalist movement, which sought to unify the Germans into a single nation state.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". Eventually, shared ancestry, culture and language (though not religion) came to define German nationalism.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". The Napoleonic Wars ended with the Congress of Vienna (1815), and left most of the German states loosely united under the German Confederation. The confederation came to be dominated by the Catholic Austrian Empire, to the dismay of many German nationalists, who saw the German Confederation as an inadequate answer to the German Question.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Mass Grave at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp - Fritz Klein - IWM BU4260

Victims of the Holocaust in a mass grave at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

Throughout the 19th century, Prussia continued to grow in power.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". In 1848, German revolutionaries set up the temporary Frankfurt Parliament, but failed in their aim of forming a united German homeland. The Prussians proposed an Erfurt Union of the German states, but this effort was torpedoed by the Austrians through the Punctation of Olmütz (1850), recreating the German Confederation. In response, Prussia sought to use the Zollverein customs union to increase its power among the German states.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". Under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, Prussia expanded its sphere of influence and together with its German allies defeated Denmark in the Second Schleswig War and soon after Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, subsequently establishing the North German Confederation. In 1871, the Prussian coalition decisively defeated the Second French Empire in the Franco-Prussian War, annexing the German speaking region of Alsace-Lorraine. After taking Paris, Prussia and their allies proclaimed the formation of a united German Empire.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

In the years following unification, German society was radically changed by numerous processes, including industrialization, rationalization, secularization and the rise of capitalism.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". German power increased considerably and numerous overseas colonies were established.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". During this time, the German population grew considerably, and many emigrated to other countries (mainly North America), contributing to the growth of the German diaspora. Competition for colonies between the Great Powers contributed to the outbreak of World War I, in which the German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires formed the Central Powers, an alliance that was ultimately defeated, with none of the empires comprising it surviving the aftermath of the war. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires were both dissolved and partitioned, resulting in millions of Germans becoming ethnic minorities in other countries.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". The monarchical rulers of the German states, including the German emperor Wilhelm II, were overthrown in the November Revolution which led to the establishment of the Weimar Republic. The Germans of the Austrian side of the Dual Monarchy proclaimed the Republic of German-Austria, and sought to be incorporated into the German state, but this was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles and Treaty of Saint-Germain.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2003-0703-500, Rückführung deutscher Kinder aus Polen

Germans expelled from Poland in 1948.

What many Germans saw as the "humiliation of Versailles",Script error: No such module "Footnotes". continuing traditions of authoritarian and antisemitic ideologies,Script error: No such module "Footnotes". and the Great Depression all contributed to the rise of Austrian-born Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, who after coming to power democratically in the early 1930s, abolished the Weimar Republic and formed the totalitarian Third Reich. In his quest to subjugate Europe, six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust. WWII resulted in widespread destruction and the deaths of tens of millions of soldiers and civilians, while the German state was partitioned. About 12 million Germans had to flee or were expelled from Eastern Europe.[25] Significant damage was also done to the German reputation and identity,Script error: No such module "Footnotes". which became far less nationalistic than it previously was.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

The German states of West Germany and East Germany became focal points of the Cold War, but were reunified in 1990. Although there were fears that the reunified Germany might resume nationalist politics, the country is today widely regarded as a "stablizing actor in the heart of Europe" and a "promoter of democratic integration".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Language[]

German is the native language of most Germans. It is the key marker of German ethnic identity.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Footnotes". German is a West Germanic language closely related to Frisian, English and Dutch.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". The main dialects of German are High German and Low German. Standard literary German is based on High German, and is the first or second language of most Germans, but notably not the Volga Germans.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Culture[]

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Holocaust Memorial Berlin

Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, Germany. Remembering the Holocaust is an essential part of modern German culture.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

The Germans are marked by great regional diversity, which makes identifying a single German culture quite difficult.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". The arts and sciences have for centuries been an important part of German identity.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". The Age of Enlightenment and the Romantic era saw a notable flourishing of German culture. Germans of this period who contributed significantly to the arts and sciences include the writers Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Gottfried Herder, Friedrich Hölderlin, E. T. A. Hoffmann, Heinrich Heine, Novalis and the Brothers Grimm, the philosopher Immanuel Kant, the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, the painter Caspar David Friedrich, and the composers Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Johannes Brahms, Franz Schubert, Richard Strauss and Richard Wagner.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Popular German dishes include brown bread and stew. Germans consume a high amount of alcohol, particularly beer, compared to other European peoples. Obesity is relatively widespread among Germans.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Carnival is an important part of German culture, particularly in Southern Germany. An important German festival is the Oktoberfest.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

A steadily shrinking majority of Germans are Christians. About a third are Roman Catholics, while one third adheres to Protestantism. Another third does not profess any religion.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". Christian holidays such as Christmas and Easter are celebrated by many Germans.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". The number of Muslims is growing.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". There is also a notable Jewish community, which was decimated in the Holocaust.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". Remembering the Holocaust is an important part of German culture.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Geographic distribution[]

Legal statuses of German in Europe

The German language in Europe:      German Sprachraum: German is the official language (de jure or de facto) and first language of most of the population      German is a co-official language but not the first language of most of the population      German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale)      German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition

It is estimated that there are between 100 and 150 million Germans today, most of whom live in Germany, where they constitute the majority of the population.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". There are also sizable populations of Germans in Austria, Switzerland, the United States, Brazil, France, Kazakhstan, Russia, Argentina, Canada, Poland, Italy, Hungary, Australia, South Africa, Chile, Paraguay, and Namibia.[5][9] German-speaking peoples such as the Austrians and the German-speaking Swiss are sometimes referred to by scholars as Germans,[Citation needed] although most of them do not identify as such these days.[26]

Identity[]

A German ethnic identity began to emerge during the Early Medieval Period.[27] These peoples came to be referred to by the High German term diutisc, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". The German endonym Deutsche is derived from this word.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". In subsequent centuries, the German lands were relatively decentralized, leading to the maintenance of a number of strong regional identities.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

The German nationalist movement emerged among German intellectuals in the late 18th century. They saw the Germans as a people united by language and advocated the unification of all Germans into a single nation state, which was partially achieved in 1871. By the late 19th and early 20th century, German identity came to be defined by a shared descent, culture, and history.[16] Völkisch elements identified Germanness with "a shared Christian heritage" and "biological essence", to the exclusion of the notable Jewish minority.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". After the Holocaust and the downfall of Nazism, "any confident sense of Germanness had become suspect, if not impossible".Script error: No such module "Footnotes". East Germany and West Germany both sought to build up an identity on historical or ideological lines, distancing themselves both from the Nazi past and each other.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". After German reunification in 1990, the political discourse was characterized by the idea of a "shared, ethnoculturally defined Germanness", and the general climate became increasingly xenophobic during the 1990s.Script error: No such module "Footnotes". Today, discussion on Germanness may stress various aspects, such as commitment to pluralism and the German constitution (constitutional patriotism),Script error: No such module "Footnotes". or the notion of a Kulturnation (nation sharing a common culture).Script error: No such module "Footnotes". The German language remains the primary criterion of modern German identity.[16]

See also[]

Portal-puzzle Germany portal
  • Ethnic groups in Europe
  • Die Deutschen, ZDF's documentary television series
  • Anti-German sentiment
  • Germanophile
  • Persecution of Germans
  • Demographics of Germany

Script error: No such module "Portal bar".

Notes[]

  1. Citizens of Germany living there on 30 November 2020 according to official census data[1]
  2. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  3. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  4. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  5. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  6. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  7. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  8. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  9. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  10. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  11. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  12. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  13. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  14. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  15. People living in New Zealand having German ancestry[8]
  16. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  17. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  18. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  19. Citizens of Germany living there[2]
  20. About 15,000 citizens of Germany plus 75,000 people of German descent[10]

References[]

  1. "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht 2020" (in de). https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/liste-zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit.html. 
  2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". 10 February 2014. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination. 
  3. "Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006. 
  4. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-17). "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=. 
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Script error: No such module "Footnotes".. "Of the 100 million German speakers worldwide, about three quarters (76 million) live in Germany, where they account for 92 percent of the population. Populations of Germans live elsewhere in Central and Western Europe, with the largest communities in Austria (7.6 million), Switzerland (4.2 million), France (1.2 million), Kazakhstan (900,000), Russia (840,000), Poland (700,000), Italy (280,000), and Hungary (250,000). Some 1.6 million U.S. citizens speak German as their first language, the largest number of German speakers overseas."
  6. "Ancestry | Australia | Community profile". https://profile.id.com.au/australia/ancestry. 
  7. Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011. GUS. Materiał na konferencję prasową w dniu 29. 01. 2013. p. 3. Template:Retrieved
  8. Bade, James N. (2015). "Germans". https://teara.govt.nz/en/germans. "In the early 2000s, about 200,000 New Zealanders were likely to have German heritage." 
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Script error: No such module "Footnotes".. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... The largest populations outside of these countries are found in the United States (5 million), Brazil (3 million), the former Soviet Union (2 million), Argentina (500,000), Canada (450,000), Spain (170,000), Australia (110,000), the United Kingdom (100,000), and South Africa (75,000). "
  10. Burchard, Gretha (April 2010). "The German Population in Mexico: Maintenance of German culture and integration into Mexican society". p. 1. https://theses.cz/id/81fufh/104485-521182131.pdf. "the German embassy in Mexico City reports an estimated number of 15.000 Germans and 75.000 people of German origin living in Mexico" 
  11. "SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky". https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR. 
  12. "SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky". https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR. 
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Definition of German by Merriam-Webster". https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/German. 
  14. 14.0 14.1 "German". Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press. 2010. p. 733. ISBN 978-0199571123. https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA733. Retrieved 22 December 2020. 
  15. Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz, ed. "Article 116". Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0728. Retrieved 3 June 2021. "Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the meaning of this Basic Law is a person who possesses German citizenship or who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of 31 December 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such person." 
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 Script error: No such module "Footnotes".. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (Volksgemeinschaft) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity."
  17. Script error: No such module "Footnotes".. "After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of national unity as Germans began to evolve in the eighteenth century, and the German language became a key marker of national identity."
  18. Script error: No such module "Footnotes".. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, but it is probably more appropriate to accept the lower figure."
  19. Hoad, T. F. (2003). "German". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001. ISBN 9780192830982. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001/acref-9780192830982-e-6407. Retrieved 22 December 2020. 
  20. "Germans". Columbia University Press. 2013. https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Germans. 
  21. Drinkwater, John Frederick (2012). "Germans". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther. The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 613. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001. ISBN 9780191735257. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-2831. Retrieved 22 December 2020. 
  22. Todd, Malcolm (2004b). "Germans and Germanic Invasions". In Fagan, Brian M.. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 250–251. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195076189.001.0001. ISBN 9780199891085. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195076189.001.0001/acref-9780195076189-e-0167. Retrieved 22 December 2020. 
  23. Wells, Peter S. (2010). "Germans". In Gagarin, Michael. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195388398. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001/acref-9780195170726-e-529. Retrieved 22 December 2020. 
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Heather, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082. "Within the boundaries of present-day Germany... Germanic peoples such as the eastern Franks, Frisians, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, and Bavarians—all speaking West Germanic dialects—had merged Germanic and borrowed Roman cultural features. It was among these groups that a German language and ethnic identity would gradually develop during the Middle Ages." 
  25. Troebst, Stefan (2012). "The Discourse on Forced Migration and European Culture of Remembrance". The Hungarian Historical Review 1 (3/4): 397–414. 
  26. Austrians: "Österreicher fühlen sich heute als Nation". Der Standard. 12 March 2008. http://derstandard.at/3261105. 
  27. Script error: No such module "Footnotes". "Germans are a Germanic (or Teutonic) people that are indigenous to Central Europe... Germanic tribes have inhabited Central Europe since at least Roman times, but it was not until the early Middle Ages that a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge."

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