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This is a list of all present sovereign states in Europe (including Eurasia), sortable by their date of achieving sovereignty.
| Date of achieving sovereignty | Sovereign state Current official name |
Mode of achieving sovereignty Milestones |
|---|---|---|
| 3 September 301 | San Marino The Most Serene Republic of San Marino |
I: Roman Empire 3 September 301 – Saint Marinus founded San Marino[1] as an independent city-state from the Roman Empire. 8 October 1600 – The Constitution of San Marino was adopted.[1] |
| 843 | France The French Republic[2] |
D: Carolingian Empire 486 – Frankish tribes unified.[2] 843 – The Treaty of Verdun divided the Carolingian Empire into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia, with the latter becoming France.[2] 4 October 1958 – The Constitution of the Fifth Republic replaced the French Fourth Republic with the French Fifth Republic.[2] |
| 965 | Denmark The Kingdom of Denmark |
U: Unification of Danish tribes under Harald I |
| 26 July 1139 | Portugal The Portuguese Republic |
I: Kingdom of León 26 July 1139 – Afonso I of Portugal was proclaimed King of the Kingdom of Portugal. |
| 1210 | Sweden The Kingdom of Sweden |
U: Unification of Swedish tribes under Eric X |
| 1278 | Andorra The Principality of Andorra |
I: Kingdom of France 1278 – The Principality of Andorra gained independence through the first Paréage. |
| Early August 1291 | Switzerland The Swiss Confederation |
I: Holy Roman Empire |
| 1297 | Monaco The Principality of Monaco |
I: Republic of Genoa |
| 1581 | Netherlands The Kingdom of the Netherlands |
I: Crown of Castile |
| 1 May 1707 | United Kingdom (UK) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
U: Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland 1535 and 1542 – The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 were passed and England annexed Wales, becoming the joint country of England and Wales. 24 March 1603 – King James VI of Scotland was proclaimed king of England and the two countries have been united under the same monarch since. 1 May 1707 – The Treaty of Union and Acts of Union 1707 merged the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. 1 January 1801 – The Acts of Union 1800 merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 12 April 1927 – The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 changed the state's name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, officially recognising of the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922. |
| 1716 | Spain The Kingdom of Spain |
U: Crown of Aragon and Crown of Castile |
| 3 February 1830 | Greece The Hellenic Republic |
I: Ottoman Empire 3 February 1830 – The first London Protocol recognised Greece's independence. 21 July 1832 – The Treaty of Constantinople established the borders of the Kingdom of Greece. 30 August 1832 – The second London Protocol reiterated and ratified the Treaty of Constantinople. |
| 1830 | Belgium The Kingdom of Belgium |
I: United Kingdom of the Netherlands |
| 1861 | Italy The Italian Republic |
U: Duchy of Modena and Reggio, Duchy of Parma, Kingdom of Sardinia, Tuscany, Kingdom of Two Sicilies[3] |
| 1862 | Romania Romania |
I: Ottoman Empire |
| 1866 | Liechtenstein The Principality of Liechtenstein |
D: German Confederation[4] |
| 1890 | Luxembourg The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg |
I: Personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands[5] |
| 1905 | Norway The Kingdom of Norway |
I: Union with Sweden |
| 1908 | Bulgaria The Republic of Bulgaria |
I: Ottoman Empire |
| 1912 | Albania The Republic of Albania |
I: Ottoman Empire |
| 1917 | Finland The Republic of Finland |
I: Russian Empire |
| 1918 | Lithuania The Kingdom of Lithuania |
I: Russian Empire 11 March 1990 – independence from the Soviet Union declared. 6 September 1991 – independence recognised by the Soviet Union. |
| 1918 | Estonia The Republic of Estonia |
I: Russian Empire 20 August 1991 – independence from the Soviet Union declared. 6 September 1991 – independence recognised by the Soviet Union. |
| 1918 | Hungary The Republic of Hungary |
D: Austria-Hungary |
| 1918 | Austria The Republic of Austria |
D: Austria-Hungary |
| 1918 | Latvia The Republic of Latvia |
I: Russian Empire 21 August 1991 – independence from the Soviet Union declared. 6 September 1991 – independence recognised by the Soviet Union. |
| 1918 | Iceland Iceland |
I: Kingdom of Denmark |
| 1918 | Poland The Republic of Poland |
I: Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russian Empire |
| 1922 | Ireland Ireland |
I: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 12 April 1927 – The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 officially recognised of the independence of the Irish Free State from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1922. |
| 1923 | Turkey The Republic of Turkey |
D: Ottoman Empire |
| 1929 | Vatican City The State of the Vatican City |
I: Kingdom of Italy |
| 1960 | Cyprus The Republic of Cyprus |
I: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
| 1964 | Malta The Republic of Malta |
I: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
| 1990 | Germany The Federal Republic of Germany |
U: East Germany and West Germany |
| 9 April 1991 | Georgia Georgia |
D: Soviet Union 26 December 1991 – independence recognised by the Soviet Union |
| 25 August 1991 | Belarus The Republic of Belarus |
D: Soviet Union 25 December 1991 – independence recognised by the Soviet Union |
| 27 August 1991 | Moldova The Republic of Moldova |
D: Soviet Union |
| 30 August 1991 | Azerbaijan The Republic of Azerbaijan |
D: Soviet Union |
| 21 September 1991 | Armenia The Republic of Armenia |
D: Soviet Union 25 December 1991 – independence recognised by the Soviet Union |
| 16 December 1991 | Kazakhstan The Republic of Kazakhstan |
D: Soviet Union |
| 25 December 1991 | Russia The Russian Federation |
D: Soviet Union successor of the original state |
| 25 December 1991 | Ukraine Ukraine |
D: Soviet Union |
| 1991 | Croatia The Republic of Croatia |
D: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |
| 1991 | Macedonia The Republic of Macedonia |
D: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |
| 1991 | Slovenia The Republic of Slovenia |
D: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |
| 1992 | Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina |
D: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia October 1991 – Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia. |
| 1 January 1993 | Czechia The Czech Republic |
D: Czechoslovakia 1 January 1993 – The Czech and Slovak Federative Republic officially separated into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. |
| 1 January 1993 | Slovakia The Slovak Republic |
D: Czechoslovakia 17 July 1992 – Slovakia demanded independence. 1 January 1993 – The Czech and Slovak Federative Republic officially separated into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. |
| 3 June 2006 | Montenegro Montenegro |
D: State Union of Serbia and Montenegro 21 May 2006 – The Montenegrin independence referendum voted in favour of independence. 3 June 2006 – Montenegro proclaimed independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. 5 June 2006 – Serbia proclaimed independence and Serbia and Montenegro officially separated into the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro. |
| 5 June 2006 | Serbia The Republic of Serbia |
D: State Union of Serbia and Montenegro 5 June 2006 – Serbia proclaimed independence and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro officially separated into the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, with Serbia claiming to be the successor the original state. |
| 17 February 2008 | Kosovo The Republic of Kosovo |
I: Republic of Serbia 22 September 1991 – The Republic of Kosova declared independence but was unrecognised. 17 February 2008 – Kosovo declared independence from the Republic of Serbia, but is still unrecognised by Serbia. |
- D = "dissolution" of a sovereign state or empire
- I = "independence" from another sovereign state or empire
- U = "unification" of multiple sovereign states or tribes
See also[]
- Annexation
- Declaration of independence
- Dissolution (law)
- Dynastic union
- Independence
- List of countries by Independence Day
- List of countries by statehood
- List of European countries and territories
- List of sovereign states by formation date
- Merger (politics)
- Personal union
- Political union
- Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe
- Modern empires' loss of European territory
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "San Marino". The World Factbook. CIA. 28 April 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sm.html. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "France". The World Factbook. CIA. 29 April 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ [3]
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